One Small Step (ABird) Mac OS

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One Small Step (ABird) Mac OS

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Low Vision Computer Screen Access Using the Zoom Screen Magnifier
Low Vision and Blind Computer Screen Access Using the VoiceOver Screen Reader
Getting Help with OS X Accessibility for Users with Visual Impairments

The OS X operating system includes built-in features to assist users with a range of physical and motor disabilities. Command + Option + F5 summons a complete list of accessibility options, including turning screen magnification on or off, increasing or decreasing contrast, and inverting screen colors. Note: Depending on your keyboard preferences, to initiate this or any other key combination that includes one of the Function keys, you may also need to press the FN key, which is located at the extreme bottom left corner of most Mac keyboards.

There are a few reasons why you might want to reinstall macOS (or even Mac OS X). Perhaps your Mac is working erratically and you think that a clean install of the operating system might fix the. Note: If you aren’t running Sierra 10.12.4 of later, this will install the version that came with your Mac; if your Mac has a T2 chip then Option/Alt + Command + R will install the latest macOS.

The Accessibility Options Screen has several settings of interest to users with visual impairments.

Zoom: The OS X built-in screen magnifier.
VoiceOver: The OS X built-in screen reader. Many Zoom users also enjoy having their text and application controls spoken aloud as well as magnified. The keyboard shortcut to toggle VoiceOver on and off is Command + F5.
Invert colors: If you find it easier to read light text on a dark background, give this setting a try. You can also toggle this setting from the keyboard using Command + Option + Control + 8.
Adjust contrast: You can adjust the screen contrast even more using this setting, or even go to a full grayscale display. Increase or decrease contrast from the keyboard at any time with the shortcut keys Command + Option + Control + Comma and Command + Option + Control + Period.
Smooth images: This setting smoothes the edges of highly magnified text so it doesn’t look jagged. Access this setting via the Command + Option + Backslash keyboard shortcut.

Low Vision Computer Screen Access Using the Zoom Screen Magnifier

Zoom is the OS X built-in screen magnifier. You can toggle it on and off at any time by pressing Command + Option + 8. If this keyboard shortcut did not turn on Zoom for you, you will need to turn on shortcut key access first. After opening the Accessibility Options screen, press the Tab key once, then press Spacebar to check the “Enable Zoom using keyboard shortcuts” option. Press Command + Option + 8 again to start Zoom. With keyboard shortcuts enabled, you can now press Command + Option + Equals Sign to increase text size by increments up to 20x, and Command + Option + Hyphen to decrease text size by increments.

If you are using a Mac notebook, or if your Mac desktop has a Magic Trackpad, you can also make screen text larger by holding down the Control key, then placing two fingers on the touchpad surface and sliding them up to increase the size of the text, or down to decrease it. The “enable Zoom using scroll gestures” setting in the Accessibility Options screen will need to be enabled for this to work. If it is not, open the Accessibility Options screen, press Tab twice to highlight the option, and press the spacebar to toggle it on and off.

You can use Zoom in either full-screen magnification, which enlarges the entire screen, or Window in Window mode, which magnifies just a small portion inside a rectangle that you can resize and move around.

You can also have Zoom speak your current selection, or even an entire document, with a simple key press. Enable the “Read selected text” option in the Zoom tab of the Accessibility System Preferences panel and you can simply press Control + Spacebar to have an entire webpage, e-mail or word processor document read aloud. Even better, you can run the full-featured version of VoiceOver simultaneously with Zoom, benefiting from the power of each in turn to better accommodate your shifting accessibility needs.

Low Vision and Blind Computer Screen Access Using the VoiceOver Screen Reader

Take any new Mac computer out of the box and start it up, and during the initial setup you will be asked if you would like to run the VoiceOver screen reader. You can also start VoiceOver at any time by pressing Command + F5 (or FN + Command + F5). In either case, the very first time you start VoiceOver, you will be offered the opportunity to work your way through the VoiceOver Quick Start Tutorial. The interactive tutorial describes many VoiceOver concepts and commands, then gives you a chance to practice them, moving through the lessons as you master each new skill. You can pause the Quick Start at any time, or return to it as often as you like by pressing the Command + Option + Control + F8 keyboard shortcut.

The default speaking voice is a high-quality text-to-speech engine named Alex who often 'takes a breath' between sentences. If you find his “realness” a bit disconcerting, don’t worry. The VoiceOver System Preference panel allows you to change the voice to one or more of a number of nearly equally high-quality voices that come preinstalled on your Mac or that you can download free of charge.

VoiceOver will automatically speak dialogue boxes and error messages as they appear on your display. It will also speak pertinent screen elements, such as new text, icons, and field names and data as they appear or become important to your computing session. For example, use the Left Arrow key to move one space to the left in your text and VoiceOver will speak the character the cursor just passed over. Use Option + Right Arrow to move one word to the right and you will hear the word your cursor passed over spoken aloud. Tab your way down a Safari webpage link by link and you will hear the text associated with each link spoken out as you reach it along with the word “link” which alerts you that if you press the Enter key, you will open the new page.

VoiceOver devotes a lot of processing power to helping you keep up with an ever-changing computer screen. But it also offers a host of additional keyboard shortcuts that enable you to review a portion of the screen, issue commands, and help you navigate your way through various software applications and text entry fields.

Most VoiceOver commands use key combinations that begin with Control + Option. This key combination is often referred to as the VO key, as in VO + P (Control + Option + P), which is the VoiceOver command to read the current paragraph.

Here is a list of just a few VoiceOver commands:

VO + L: Read the current line
VO + B: Read the current window or document from the beginning
VO + M: Access the Menu Bar, at which time you can use the cursor keys to move through the various menus and options
VO + F2: Describe the current application window
VO + Command + Left or Right Arrow: Move through various voice controls, such as the voice that will be used and its volume, rate, pitch, and intonation. Press the Up and Down Arrow keys to adjust any or all of these options.

By default, if your Mac has a trackpad, you can use it to issue commands to VoiceOver. Enable the Trackpad Commander in the VoiceOver Utility, which you can access by pressing VO + F8, and you can use your trackpad to perform VoiceOver commands such as:

One-finger flick right: Move the VO cursor right
Two-finger flick up: Read from the beginning of the screen content
Two-finger scrub left-right-left: Escape from the current mode (like pressing the ESC key)

A more complete list of VoiceOver keyboard shortcuts and gestures is available from Apple, but you won't need to use the list because VoiceOver includes two commands, VO + K and VO + H, that bring this information to your fingertips.

VO + K: This command invokes VoiceOver’s keyboard help mode, wherein VoiceOver announces both the name and the function of every subsequent key you press or touchpad gesture you perform. It will continue to do this until you press the ESC key, or perform a two-finger scrub gesture on the touchpad.
VO + H: This command invokes VoiceOver’s Help mode, and calls up a list of topics including:
- online help
- commands help
- keyboard help
- sounds help

Press Enter on any of these choices and you will receive help on that topic.

At the bottom of this help screen you will also find an alternate way to replay the VoiceOver Quick Start Tutorial. You can also enter the Commands Help Menu by pressing VO + H twice in succession. Once there, you can type in a keyword or two about the command you wish to use, and when you find it, simply press Enter to issue the command. For example, let’s say you wish to quickly navigate a webpage by headings. Press VO + H twice, then type “heading.” You will be presented with a list of VoiceOver commands that include the word “heading.” At the very top of the list is “Find Next Heading,” along with its keyboard shortcut: VO + Control + H. Press Enter to move your VoiceOver cursor to the next heading. After that you can continue to move by headings using the new keyboard shortcut you just learned.

If you’d like to learn more about VoiceOver—how to use it to read and write e-mails, browse the web with Safari, or use it to write and format a document—read Apple’s VoiceOver Getting Started guide.

ZoomText Mac for Blind and Low Vision Apple Computer Access

Apple maintains strict restrictions on the operating system access they allow third-party vendors to use, so at present there is only one third-party screen accessibility product available for OS X.

Ai Squared

800-859-0270

Ai Squared offers a low-vision product called ZoomText Mac. The company offers a free, 60-day demo version and complete documentation to help you get started.

ZoomText Mac offers additional screen magnification and screen reader features to the OS X operating system

Getting Help with OS X Accessibility for Users with Visual Impairments

In this guide we have demonstrated how it is possible to continue using an OS X computer, or use one for the very first time, with Apple’s built-in Zoom screen magnifier and/or VoiceOver screen reader. As you commence your journey you will doubtless have many questions and may occasionally need a bit of help or technical support. In this section we will list just a few of the many excellent resources available.

Apple

Apple maintains a special support department exclusively for users of their accessibility products. You can reach them via e-mail at accessibility@apple.com. In the US, you can also reach them by phone from 8 am to 8 pm at 877-204-3930. In addition, Apple offers a wealth of accessibility information and resources on its accessibility website.

Books

Mastering the Macintosh with VoiceOver byTim Sniffen

This free iBook is available from the Apple iBook Store or online.

This eBook details how to use both VoiceOver and Zoom, with an emphasis on using them with the Mac touchpad.

Learn to Use the Mac with VoiceOver: A Step-by-Step Guide for Blind Users, by Janet Ingber

This book covers VoiceOver in a logical, step-by-step fashion. It is available for $20 from the National Braille Press (888-965-8965) in your choice of:

ASCII Text, CD or download
Braille
DAISY, CD or download
eBraille, CD or download
MS Word, CD or download

One-on-One Training

Your rehabilitation agency may be able to provide you with one-on-one screen access training. These sessions can either be provided at a training center, in person at your residence, or via phone or audio/video chat using Skype or other computer communications software.

Websites

Here are just two websites that offer users of Apple accessibility products a place to gather, ask questions, and share information about using their Macs with Zoom or Voiceover.

http://maccessibility.net/

YouTube

Believe it or not, this video sharing site is a veritable treasure trove of information about running a Mac with accessibility. Search for “VoiceOver for Mac demo,” “browsing the Web with VoiceOver,” “Using Zoom with your Mac,” or other similar topics and you will be amazed by the quantity, quality, and “listenability” of the results.

This page describes how to install Debian on an Intel-based Apple Mac Mini. For more information about Debian on the earlier PowerPC-based model, see MacMini.

Contents

Installing Debian on a Mac Mini
1. Installing Debian - the simple way
2. Older / obsolete information

Check and update firmware

Verify that your computer has the latest firmware: http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1237 . This is important - some older versions of firmware won't provide some of the underlying support that you'll likely need to install Debian.

Recent firmware adds a BIOS compatibility mode, including detection of BIOS-bootable disks and CDs in the built-in boot volume chooser. In addition, if you want good graphics support in Linux, you must boot it using the BIOS compatibility mode. This is because the X.org / XFree86 drivers for Intel and ATI, as well as the Linux text console, rely on the Video BIOS and Apple's firmware only provides a Video BIOS when booting in BIOS compatibility mode. Without it, you only get unaccelerated frame buffer graphics. Booting in the BIOS compatibility mode also means using either the LILO or GRUB bootloaders, and having an MBR partition table (either hybrid GPT/MBR or plain MBR).

In consideration of all of the above, updating the computer's firmware is the simplest way to easily install and boot Linux and also get 2D/3D graphics acceleration. To enter the builtin boot menu, hold the 'Option' key while booting. This gives the option of installing rEFIt (or other EFI bootloaders?) on a USB key. You must use OS X's 'bless' utility to change NVRAM entries allowing this to boot. It's also possible to boot wheezy installers from a USB key in this manner.

Installing Debian - the simple way

Recent versions of Debian (at least from 8/Jessie onwards) should install and work reasonably well on most Mac Minis without needing any other software to help with setup, assuming that you only want to be able to boot Debian. However, if you do want to dual- or triple-boot with other OSes (e.g. Mac OS X) then you'll be more at the mercy of the other operating systems. See below for more detailed instructions.

The best way to start the Debian installer varies a lot, depending on the age of your hardware.

Macmini 1,1

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The oldest Mini (macmini1,1) is typically the most problematic, due to bugs in its firmware. When booting off CD/DVD, if there is more than one El Torito boot record on the disc then the firmware gets confused. It tried to offer a choice of the boot options, but it locks up instead. Unfortunately, all of the normal Debian installer options for both i386 and amd64 now include 2 El Torito boot records (one for BIOS boot, and one for EFI boot). Specifically as a workaround for this broken firmware, there is now a new flavour of i386 netinst image. Look for debian-mac-XXX-netinst.iso. This image should boot and install happily on a macmini1,1, giving you a normal Debian installation when it's finished, booting in BIOS mode using GRUB. There's quite a delay before the GRUB menu comes up (~30s or so) - be patient!

(Tested on a macmini1,1: Intel Core Duo 1.66 GHz, 1GB RAM, using the jessie-DI-rc3 mac netinst for i386. Exact machine description at http://www.everymac.com/ultimate-mac-lookup/?search_keywords=ym6465s2w0a)

If you change the disk by an SSD, you might want to switch the SATA Controller to AHCI mode by adding the following Code to /etc/grub.d/01_setpci_ahci:

This is necessary to enable trim support on the disk.

Macmini 2,1

This revision is nearly identical to Macmini 1,1; but is factory-equipped with 64-bit capable CPU and a slightly different firmware from Macmini 1,1. There were no firmware updates from Apple for this model, so no updates are necessary. This machine will experience the same hangup as the Macmini1,1 when attempting to boot the standard i386 and amd64 install images. The same image as used above will successfully in the Macmini2,1; but there is now a new flavour of amd64 image that will successfully boot and happily install on this system. Look for debian-mac-XXX-amd64-netinst.iso Also like the Macmini1,1; there will be an approximate 30 second delay before booting via BIOS emulation, for both booting from the CD and from the installed system thereafter.

(Tested on a macmini2,1: Intel Core 2 Duo 2.0 GHz, 4GB RAM, using debian-mac-8.4.1-amd64-netinst.iso at http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/.jessie-test/amd64/iso-cd/. Exact machine description at http://www.everymac.com/ultimate-mac-lookup/?search_keywords=Macmini2,1

Macmini 3,1

Using any normal amd64 image written to CD/DVD, this machine will boot into BIOS mode and install Debian easily. You must boot from CD/DVD to boot into BIOS Compatibility mode; booting from USB causes the 3,1 to boot into EFI mode. Debian installs fine in EFI mode, but freezes on boot when the nouveauFB driver tries to load due to the lack of a video BIOS. Nouveau is a 'known issue', alternatively install nvidia or other driver and blacklist nouveau.

Once installed, there's quite a delay before the GRUB menu comes up (~30s or so) - be patient!

(Tested on a macmini3,1: Intel Core 2 Duo 2.0GHz, 1GB RAM, using the jessie-DI-rc3 netinst for amd64. Exact machine description at http://www.everymac.com/ultimate-mac-lookup/?search_keywords=ym9035my19x.

Macmini 4,1

Using an amd64 image, this machine will boot and install Debian easily. Oddly, it boots differently depending on the boot media. If using a CD, it boots in BIOS mode (and will then install correctly and boot that way). If booted from a USB stick, it boots in EFI mode and will also install correctly and boot that way.

(Tested on a macmini4,1: Intel Core 2 Duo 2.4GHz (P8600), 2GB RAM, using the jessie-DI-rc3 netinst for amd64 in each case. Exact machine description at http://www.everymac.com/ultimate-mac-lookup/?search_keywords=c07cvl01dd6h.

The Nouveau video driver doesn't support HDMI audio with the ?GeForce 320M video chipset. If you need HDMI audio, you'll have to install nvidia-legacy-340xx-driver and do without Wayland support.

(Tested on a macmini4,1 with Buster 10.5 for amd64)

Macmini 5,3

This machine has no CD drive, so just use the amd64 image on a USB stick again. If booted from the USB stick, it will boot in EFI mode and will install correctly and boot that way.

(Tested on a macmini5,3: Intel Core i7 2.0 GHz (I7-2635QM), 8GB RAM using the jessie-DI-rc3 netinst for amd64 again. Exact machine description at [[http://www.everymac.com/ultimate-mac-lookup/?search_keywords=c07g39r7djy7]].

Macmini 6,1

This machine also has no CD drive, so just use the amd64 image on a USB stick. Note that Debian wags its finger at you if you used unetbootin to make the bootable usb stick. When booting from the USB (hold down Option during BIOS bootup), it will boot in EFI mode. You have the option to do a 'taste test' on your mac mini using Debian live preview or do a full Debian Install.

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On Full Install, Debian installer will alert you that your Wifi card is not supported because you need non-free firmware, and it will give you the option of inserting yet another USB stick containing the following file or files: b43/ucode29_mimo.fw b43-open/ucode29_mimo.fw

Otherwise, you can install the Broadcom wifi drivers after the rest of the Buster install is complete. Instructions for performing the Broadcom Wifi card installation after the fact are on the Debian wl page: wl

SW and HW details: Image: debian-live-10.3.0-amd64-gnome.iso HW: Tested on a 2012 mac mini 6,1 Intel Dual Core i5 2.5 GHz, 16GB RAM, Broadcom 4331 Wifi card. Single-boot on 480 GB Solid-State HDD. Exact machine description at https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-i5-2.5-late-2012-specs.html.

Dual/Triple Boot

If you're not planning to dual boot OS X and Debian (or triple boot OS X, Debian and Windows), you can skip this section - use the simple instructions above.

Otherwise, Mac OS X 10.4.6 and later have online resizing of HFS+ volumes and support for hybrid GPT/MBR partition tables in Disk Utility. To boot multiple operating systems, use OS X's tools to split up your drive and make room for everything. Remember that booting in the BIOS compatibility mode means having an MBR partition table (either hybrid GPT/MBR or plain MBR) so be sure to make the needed changes to your hard drive before continuing. Remember to select the GRUB bootloader from within the Debian installer so that you can access the BIOS compatibility mode described above.

If you make changes using any of the Linux partitioning tools (even just the type of a partition) and are using GPT you need to reboot and use gptsync or 'Partition Tool' from rEFIt to resync GPT/MBR tables and then re-run the installer. If you forget to do this, installing the boot loader will fail.

For dual or triple boot situations, hold down the Option key on your keyboard and the built-in boot volume chooser will let you select what you'd like to boot from.

Older / obsolete information

Firmware and elilo

If you are unwilling or unable to update the machine's firmware, elilo (the EFI Linux Loader) can be used to boot the Mac mini. However, this requires a specially prepared kernel and has some drawbacks (like not having 2D/3D accelerated graphics.) James McKenzie published a hack to elilo that activates the Video BIOS without activating the full BIOS compatibility mode. This actually allows the accelerated drivers to work without booting through LILO/GRUB. Unfortunately it hasn't been updated in months.

Installing with rEFIt or rEFInd

Tested on Mac Mini 3.1 2009 OS X 10.8.2

Install rEFIt or rEFInd (a more recently-updated fork). This will be removed but is needed briefly, later. (Note that you can install rEFIt on a USB stick and boot from that, which is especially useful if your goal is to have just Debian on the system as it simplifies partitioning).

Open Disk Utility and add Debian Partition with Format MS-DOS(FAT) then,

Bless this partition:

$ sudo bless -mount /Volumes/DEBIANHD -setBoot

Download your chosen .iso

convert .iso to .img

$ hdiutil convert -format UDRW -o ./debian-xxx.img ./debian-xxx.iso

then

$ diskutil list

note Debian partition identifier ie disk0s4

unmount Debian partition

$ diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk0s4

copy img to Debian partition

$ sudo dd if=debian-xxx.img of=/dev/disk0s4 bs=1m

reboot and now use Refit to select and install Debian.

Install Grub on Debian partition /dev/disk0s4 not MBR see installation guide.

reboot and use refit 'Partition Tool' to resync GPT/MBR tables

reboot into OS X and remove Refit

reboot holding alt key to boot into Grub

a very similiar process can be used to create a bootable USB: Insert USB and Partition Disk, not Volume using the Option: GUID Partition Scheme.

Bless USB $ sudo bless -mount /Volumes/DEBUSBGUID -setBoot

unmount USB $ diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk1

copy img to USB $ sudo dd if=debian-xxx.img of=/dev/disk1 bs=1m

Known Issues

On the Mac mini (late 2006 model) with Debian 4.0r3 I was unable to get the full 1920 x 1200 resolution on my Apple Cinema HD Display (23'.) I was able to resolve it by using the 915resolution package. Debian 4.0r4 is expected to make updated software available, so the 915resolution package may longer be necessary at that point.

With the mid-2009 (macmini 3,1) model, you need a 'testing' installer to get a recent enough kernel for reboot to work (with kernels from lenny and prior a hard power-off is needed after shutdown).

Sound

The chipset of Macmini1,1 is STAC9220/STAC9921. With Lenny (only), I notice white noise/whitle on the right channel. The following seems to fix it for me :

Keep in mind to remove this line when you will upgrade to Squeeze.

mid-2010 model Mac Mini

There is a very good step-by-step guide here. Use regular install disks.

Helpful kernel flags:

macmini2,1 installation specials and pain

I found that none of the methods mentioned above or elsewhere would allow me to boot my installation media on my macmini2,1 Intel core due 1.8GHz. My machine has a broken internal CD drive so I have attached an external firewire connected DVD burner. This works perfectly for normal use and the rEFInd appears to recognise boot disks in it. however, when the disk is selected at boot time 'boot legacy OS from entire disk' I would get a black screen with 'no boot device found' (or something similar). Same with USB drives created from ISO or DMG (as described above).

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Eventually I made some progress by using the step given above to convert a debian netinst 8.3.0 ISO into DMG and copy with DD to a whole USB drive AND burned same to a DVD. I installed rEFInd with the default refine-install script. If I booted and selected the CD or the USB drive legacy OS option it failed with errors about how MAC EFI did not properly support booting from external drives. So I powered off and on again. I then booted the machine and selected the USB drive fallback boot option.

Oddly this appeared to boot but then started using the DVD as well to read some files. I suspect the boot sequence gets confused about which devices it needs to read from, and having the same image in two places satisfied it.

The debian install is now progressing. Hooray!

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One Small Step (a Bird) Mac Os Download

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